232 CAUSES ACCOUNTING FOR THE GROWTH OF THE PAPACY. him;' for what will not men do, whithér will not they go, in straits? Thus Marcion went to Rome, and sued for admission to commu- nion there. So Fortunatus and Felicissimus, in St Cyprian, being condemned in Africa, fled to Rome for shelter; of which absurdity St Cyprian so complains. So likewise Martianus and Basilides, in St Cyprian, being outed of their sees for having lapsed from the Christianprofession, fled to Stephen for succour, to be restored.' So Maximus, the Cynic, went to Rome to get a confirmation of his elec- tion at Constantinople. So Marcellus, being rejected for heterodoxy, went thither to get attestation to his orthodoxy, of which St Basil complains. So Apiarius, being condemned inAfrica for his crimes, appealed to Rome. Andon the other side, Athanasius, being with great partiality con- demned by the synod of Tyre, Paulus and other bishops being ex- truded from their sees for orthodoxy, St Chrysostom being con- demned and expelled by Theophilus and his complices, Flavianus being deposed by Dioscorus and the Ephesine synod, Theodoret being condemned by the same, cried out for help to Rome.' Cheli- donius, bishop of Resanon, being deposed by Hilarius of Arles (for crimes), fled to Pope Leo. Ignatius, patriarch of Constantinople, being extruded from his see by Photius, complained to the pope. 13. All princes are forward to heap honour on the bishop of their imperial city, it seeming a disgrace to themselves that so near a re- lation be an inferior to any other, who is, as it were, their spiritual pastor, who is usually by their special favour advanced. The city itself and the court will be restless in assisting him to climb. Thus the bishop of Constantinople arose to that high pitch of honour, and to be second patriarch, who at first was a mean suffragan to thebishop of Heraclea. This, by the synods of Constantinople and Chalcedon, is assigned for the reason of his advancement' Andhow ready the emperors were to promote the dignity ofthat bishop, we see by many of their edicts to that purpose, as particularly that of Leo. So, for the honour oftheir city, the emperors usually favoured the pope, assisting him in the furtherance of his designs, and extending his privileges by their edicts at home, and letters to the eastern em- perors recommending their affairs. ut ad domini mei tanti pontificis et piissimipatrie, omnium ad se confugien- tium tutissimi defensoris ac protectoris, &c. Rothald. Apell., in P. Nie. L, Ep. xxxvii. p. 563. " my lord, so great a pontiff, and most pious a father, the safe defender and protector of all those that flee unto him for succour." 2 Cypr., Ep. lxviii., Ep. lv. 8 Calendion of Antioch, liber. cap. xviii.; P. Leo, Ep. lxxxix.; Mara v. 82; P. Nie. I., Ep. xxxviii. p. 564; Rothaldus. 4 Cod., lib. i. tit. 2, cap. 16.
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