236 CAUSES ACCOUNTING FOR THE GROWTH OF THE PAPACY. Gregory VII. excommunicated Calixtus II. ... ... Adrian IV. ... Celestinus III. ... ... Innocent III. ... ... Honorius III. and Gregory IX. Innocent IV. in the Lugd. Conc. 18. The ignorance of the times did him great service; for thenall the little learning which was being in his clients and factors, they could instil what they pleased into the credulous people. Then his dictates would pass for infallible oracles and his decrees for invio- lable laws; whence his veneration was exceedingly increased. 19. He was forward to support factious churchmen against princes, upon pretence of spiritual interest and liberty; [such as] Anselm (anno 1109), [and Thomas à] Becket (anno 1154.)1 And usually, by his importunity and arts, getting the better in such contests, he thereby much strengthened his authority. 20. He making himself the head of all the clergy, and carrying himself as their protector and patron, engaged thereby innumerable most able heads, tongues, and pens, who were devoted to maintain whatever he did, and had little else to do. 21. So great a party he cherished with exorbitant liberties, suffer- ing none to rule over them or touch them beside himself. 22. He founded divers militias and bands of spiritual janizaries, to be combatants for his interests; who, depending immediately upon him, subsisting by his charters, enjoying exemptions by his authority fromother jurisdictions,beingsworn to a special obeisance of him, were entirely at his devotion, ready with all their might toadvance his inte- rests, and to maintain all thepretences of their patronandbenefactor. These had great sway among the people, upon account of their religious guises and pretences to extraordinary heights of sanctimony, austerity, contempt of the world ; and learning being mostly con- fined to them, theywere the chief teachers and guides of Christen- dom: so that no wonder if he challenged and could maintain any thing by their influence. They criedup his power as superior to all others. They attributed to him titles strangely high, "Vice-god, Spouse of the Church," &c. ; strange attributes of " omnipotency, infallibility," &c. 23. Whereas wealth is a great sinew of power, he invented divers ways of drawing great store thereof to himself.' Hen. III., anno 1076. Hen. IV., anno 1120. Fred., anno 1160. Hen. V., anno 1195. Otho, anno 1219. Fred. II., anno 1220. ... 1245. Badmen, Matt. Par. [Matthew Paris, the old historian of England, to whom we are indebted for much of our knowledge of these times.En.] ? Pro pallio omnino aliquid dare prohibeo. Greg. I., Ep. iv. 44. [" For the pall (the pontifical vesture) I forbid that any thing at all be given."]
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