CANONS OF COUNCILS PASSED WITHOUT HIS CONSENT. 261 solency ! O contentious frowardness! O rebellious contumacy against the catholic church and its peace! Suchwas the humour of that see, to allow nothingwhich did not suit with the interests of its ambition. But farther; divers synodical decrees passed expressly against the pope's mind and will. I pass over those at Tyre, at Antioch, at Ariminum, at Constantinople, in divers places of the east (which yet evince that commonly there was no such opinion entertained of this privilege belonging to the pope), and shall instance in only general synods. In the synod of Chalcedon, "equal privileges" (70-a orpsaCs7a) were assigned to the bishop of Constantinople as the bishop of Rome had. This with ageneral concurrence' " was decreed and subscribed," although the " pope's legates earnestly resisted, clamoured, and pro- tested against it;"' the imperial commissioners and all thebishops not understanding or not allowing the pope's negative voice. And whereas Pope Leo, moved with a jealousy that he who thus had obtained an equal rank with him should aspire to get above him, fiercely disputed, exclaimed, inveighed, menaced against this order, striving to defeat it, pretending to annul it, labouring to depress the bishop of Constantinople from that degree, which both himself and his legates in the synod had acknowledged due to him ;8 in which endeavour divers of his successors imitated him:4 yet could not he nor they accomplish their design, the veneration of that synod and consent of Christendom overbearing their opposition, the bishop of Constantinople sitting in all the succeeding general synods in the second place, without any contrast; so that at length popes were fain to acquiesce in the bishop of Constantinople's possession of the second place in dignity among the patriarchs. In the fifth general synod Pope Vigilius made a constitution, in most express terms prohibiting the condemnation of the three chap- ters,* as they are called, and theanathematization ofpersons deceased in the peace of the church. " We dare not ourselves," says he, II&vTa ñ vivaóas ixópaos. In fine Actorurn, p. 464. 2 Inde enim fratres nostri, ab apostolica sede directi, qui vice mea synodo prmsìde- bant, probabiliter atque constanter illicitis ausibus obstiterunt, aperte reclamantes, &c. Leo I, Ep. lüi., liv. of súxaßíoTamor iríoxoro, ißónoav, oú',ì, r',vayx&o9n- -Act. xvi. p. 469, against P. Leo's assertion, that the consent was extorted. Tó ix raxxoü xpa- oñoav IAae ... xaT& ouvoárxñv ixuFa'oapcsv .yn"gov, say the fathers to Pope Leo, p. 475. " By a synodical vote we have confirmed this ancient custom." 3 Ep. 53, 54, 55, 61, 62. 4 Eúoíßroç lrieneros eo,^,lain' ,Trtr ixmv vrí "a, .x k-s,Mv xai d, ,. & oxvá,.á ráa'a iv `Paipcn IT& &víyvav, rapóvTav xxn/ KWVdTaYTfv011914x =a xai &r,lígaco x c v. Syn. Chale., Act. xvi. p. 462, supra. " Eusebius, bishop of Dorylssum, said, 'I have willingly subscribed, because I have read this canon to the most holy pope of Rome, the clergy of Constantinople being present, and he received it.' " * The Three Chapters. The Emperor Justinian, by the advice of Theodorus of Casarea, passed a decree in the year 544, which contained three heads, or Chapters (capitula, xspixara), as they came to be called, condemning Theodorus of Mopsuestia,
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