THE EMPERORS CONSTITUTED POPES. '295 Menas to the see of Constantinople,' and the same preferred Euty- chius thereto.' He put in PopeVigilius, &c. In Spain the kings had the election of bishops, by the decrees of the council of Toledo.' That the Emperor Charles used to confirm bishops, Pope John VIII. testifies, reproving the archbishop of Verdun for rejecting a bishop "whom the clergy and people of the city had chosen, and the Emperor Charles had confirmed by his consent."4 When Macarius, bishop of Antioch, for Monothelitism was de- posed in the sixth synod, the bishops under that throne requested the presidents of the synod to suggest another to the emperor to be substituted in his room.' In Gratian there are divers passages wherein popes declared that they could not ordain bishops to churches, even in Italy, without the emperor's leave and licence : as, indeed, there are also in later times other decrees (made by popes of another kidney, or in other junc- tures of affairs), which forbid princes to meddle in the elections of bishops; as in the seventh synod, and in the eighth synod as they call it, upon occasion of Photius beingplaced in the see of Constan- tinople by the power of the court;' and that of Pope Nicholas I.; by which discordance in practice we may see the consistence and stability of doctrine and practice in the Roman church.' The emperors for a long time enjoyed the privilege of constituting or confirming the popes; for, says Platina, in the Life of Pelagius II., "nothing was then done by the clergy in electing a pope, unless the emperor approved the election.' He confirmed Pope Gregory I. and Pope Agatho. "Pope Adrian, with his whole synod, delivered to Charles the Great the right and power of electing the pope and ordaining the apostolic see. He, moreover, defined that archbishops and bishops Tune papa principis favore Menam pro eo (Anthimo) ordinavit antistitem. Lib. cap. xxi. 2 10.47 'oos Tór Ei.v v. Evag. iv. 38. 3 Conc. Tolet. xii. cap. 6; apud Gr. Dist. lxiii. cap. 25. 4 Quem clerus et populus civitatis eligerat, pimple memorise Carolus imperator suo consensu firmaverat, &c.P. Joh. VIII., Ep. lxx. ' A{Toî)u Tñr Úf46TÉpav irloZórn.ra TOY bvaydya( r4 adosCes, dray seal . . . . f7f[G1V SsooróTa zal Fesydxee sGezeixs7 iTspsv dsTMzzapiosSsá Tó fai; xnpsússr Tás To/0úT. »,ím.Syn. VI., Act. xii. p. 208. 6 Dist. lxiii. cap. 9; Greg. I. Ep. iv. 15, cap. 15_18; P. Leo. IV. et Steph. Dist. lxiii. cap. 6, 7 ; Ibid, cap. i. ii. 7 Ibid, cap. iv. [It is a notorious thing that most princes in the west, in Germany, France, England, did invest bishops till the time of Pope Gregory VII., when that boisterous man did raise so much stir in Christendom to dispossess them of that right ; which they enjoyed not only as princes, but as founders, patrons, benefactors, pro- tectors of churches.] 5 Nihil a clero in eligendo pontifice actum erat, nisi ejus electionem imperator ap- probasset.Plat. in Pelagio IL, p. 164, Dist. lxiii.; Plat., p. 155; Vid. Joh. Dias. et Anastas. Dist. lxiii. cap. 21.
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