348 SIXTEENTHASSUMPTION CONFIRMATION OF MAGISTRATES. But in the primitive times this was not held, for St Paul requires "every soul to be subject to the higher powers," Rom. xiii. 1. Then the emperor was avowed the first person, next to God ; "to whom," says Tertullian, "they are second, after whom they are first, before all and above all gods. Worship the emperor as a man next to God, and less only than God. "' And Optatus, "Since there is none above the emperor but God who made him." " While Dona- tus extols himself above the emperor, he raises himself as it were above humanity, and thinks himself tobe God, and not man ; for the king is the top and head of all things on earth."' Then even "apostles, evangelists, prophets, all men whatever, were subject to the emperor."' The emperors commanded them, "even the blessed bishops and patriarchs of old Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Theopolis, and Jerusalem. "' Divers popes avowed themselves subject to the emperor. XVI. The confirmation of magistrates, elected by others, is a " branch of supremacy" which the pope assumes. Baronius says that this was the ancient custom, and that Pope Simplicius confirmed the election of Calendion, bishop of Antioch.' " Meletius confirmed the most holy Gregory in the bishopric of Constantinople. "' But the truth is, that ancientlybishops, being elected, only gave an account of their choice unto all other bishops, especially to those of highest rank, desiring their approbation and friendship, for preserva- tion of due communion, correspondence, and peace. So the synod of Antioch gave account to the bishops of Rome and Alexandria, " and all their fellow-ministers throughout the world,"' &c., of the election of Domnus after Paulus Samosatenus. So the fathers of Constantinople acquainted Pope Damasus and the western bishops with the constitution of Nectarius, Flavianus, &c. This was not to request confirmation, as if the pope or other bishops couldreject the election, if regular, but rather to assure whom they were to communicate with. " We have," say the fathers of 1 a quoaunt secundi, post quem primi ante omnes, et super omnes deos; quidni ? cum super omnes homines, qui utique vivunt.Tertul. Apol. cap. xxx. Colimus im- peratorem ut hominem aDeo secundum, et solo Deo minorem. Tertul. adScap. cap. ii. 2 Cum super imperatorem non sit nisi solus Deus, qui fecit imperatorem.Opt. 3. Vid. Tr. v. sect. 14. Dum se Donatus super imperatorem extollit, jam quasi hominum excesserat modum, ut se ut Deum non hominem a;stimaret. Id. ibid. Baorxays yap xopv¢ñ wad xapaañ ,rmv iard 4 o yñs imv &arávrav Chrys. 'AY. ß', p. 463. 3 Chrys. in Rom. xiii. 1. 4 Jubemus igitur beatissimos episcopos et patriarchas, hoc est senioris Ronne, et Constantinopoleos, et Alexandrise, et Theopoleos, et Hierosolymorum. .Justinian. Novel. cxxiii. cap. 3; P. Greg. M., Ep. ii. 62, supra inprof. sec. iv. tract. 5, sect. xiv. 5 Vid. § 5; Dist. lxiii. cap. 4; P. Nic. I., Ep.; ann. 482, § 1. e 'Eßaßaúroa ßrä .9ar0va rpmyapi , lir ,rñe KwvoTavrrvavvráaaas m'paaópiay.Theod. V. 8. 7 Iced .raïç 'aerie, Av obcouLtvnv m6PI eva.Xs ro pyo7;, &c.Euseb. vii. 30.
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