sECÎÌt7 3[L 467 #elief Congratulation is benevolence and joy united ; asbene-, 'Potence and sorrow united, grow intopity or compassion.* But there is a wicked passion called envy, which stands in direct opposition to-pity and congratulation. Envy takes pleasure in seeing others made unhappy ; and it grieves and is uneasy that others should eii,ìoy prosperity and peace. It is founded on ìil-will, and appears in ;rsy or sorrow mixed with malice. It ge- nerally wears it sour and uneasy countenance, though sometimes it-puts on is maflgnttut joy. Sometimes it awakens a spightful sneer, and disposesto biting jests. It is a most hateful passion dr temper ofmind; for it is not only odious to all others, but itwastes the very life, and destroys the comfort of him that carries it in his bosom. Vexation and fretfulness it an'aetive, busy, and galling sort of sorrow, that hangs about the spirit, teases it, and makes it rest- less, and it is generally joined with anger against ourselves or others. But it is time now to enumerate some of thecommon and natural attendants ofjoy and sorrow.' The natural signs ofjoy are vivacity of the spirits, a spark- ling eye, a florid and smilingcountenance, a raised head, an erect posture of body, a pleasantfreedom ofspeech, and sometimes it inclines the lips to harmony and a song "; and sometimes also it raises the voice to shouting, and the person exults or leaps for great gladness of heart. Upon some tender occasions, love and joy join together, and produce tears. The symptoms and effects of sorrow are closing and heavy eyelids, a dead paleness on the cheeks and lips, a languid and gloomy countenance, eyes flowing with tears, or dim and wasted with weeping, an affectation of solitude, sitting in darkness and silence or lying on the ground in an abject posture, an aversion to b'usiness,- a cold indifference to every pleasure, a neglect of food and dress, of ornaments and delights, and a wasting of life, and the tiresome hours of it in sighs, and groans, and bitter Complaints; Heretofore, among the Jews, as well as some other nations, deep sorrow was manifested by plucking off the hair of the head and beard, by tearing the garments, by puttingon sack- plot'', and sitting in ashes. Frond natural joy and sorrow Í am led to other kinds of this pair of passions, which may be called' moral joy and * It has been observed by an ingenious writer,' f)ì. Butler, now bishop of Durham, in his sermons, thatcongratulation is rather an outward expression of the inward pleasure arising from another's happiness, than the inward sensation of that pleasure i And thus it rather answers to condolence than to compassion: But that, strictly speaking, there is in his opinion no one single word or name for this passionof rejoicing in the good of others. Yet since congratulation tomes nearestto this idea, I' venture to use that words
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