SECTION XII. 409 spoken of, or practised : It is the natural guard of innocence' and honour, especially in young people ; and the blush is called the colour of virtue. There is also a sort of bashfulness or shamefacedness, which young people are often exposed to when they come into strange company, when they are in the presence of their superiors, or when they are called to appear or act iñ public, which arises from self-diffidence, and from want of courage. This aprears in blushing, or sometimes in paleness, or trembling and confusion, and brings a stop on the voice or frequent hesitation in speech. When it arises to such ä degree, it ought to beover- come, lest it prevent all public usefulness for want of a becoming assurance. I may here take notice of one thing, wherein all the affec- tions, which go under the appellation ofshame, agree, and that is, that they are designed bynature in their moderate use to pre- vent shameful and dishonourable actions. SECT. MI.Gratitude andAnger. I come now to the last set of passions, derived from love and hatred, and these are anger and gratitude. I confess, anger is usually named.without any opposite : But I think, gratitude stands in a proper opposition to it; as will appear immediately. Both these have a reference to such objects as are supposed to act with some degree offree-will or voluntariness ; for we are not said to be angry with the stone or the sword that bruises or wounds us, nor can we properly be grateful to the ointment which heals our wound. Anger is generally made up of displicency, and somedegree of malevolence, or desire that theobjectof it should suffer some inconvenience : For if any person seeks to hinder or prevent us from obtaining the good we desire, ifhe seeks to dispossess us of the good we enjoy, or endeavours to bring upon us the evil we would avoid,- we are displeased with hirn, and we would have some evil inflicted uponhim ; this we call anger or resentment. And this is sometimes eminently called passion, as I have inti- mated in the beginning of this treatise. When I describe anger, as including some degree of male- volence in it, this does not always mean the wishing or design- ing of real or lasting mischief to the offendingparty; for pa- rents are angry with their children whom they love fondly and wish them no other hurt but some present pain, to amend and cure their folly. If anger rise to a very high degree, it is wrath, fury and rage and it is called a short madness, because some persons, under the violent influence of this passion, fling about every cg3
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