4084 LOGIC: OR, TISE RIGHT USE OS REASON. man : but it is not so, where the addition is determinative, for we cannot say, every mau shall be happy, though every pious' man shall be so. In a complex proposition the predicate or subject is some- times made complex by the pronouns who, which, whose, to whom, &c., which make another proposition ; as, every man who is pious shall be saved : Julius, whose sirname was Casar, overcame Pompey : bodies, which are transparent, have many pores. Here the whole proposition is called the primary or chief, and the additional proposition is called an incident proposition. But it is still to be esteemed in this case merely as a part of the complex term ; and the truth or falsehood of the whole complex proposition is not to be judged by the truth or falsehood of the incident proposition, but by the connection of the whole subject with the predicate. For the incident proposition may be false and absurd, or impossible, and yet the whole complex proposi- tion may be true ; as, a horse which has wings might fly over the Thames. Beside this complexion which belongs to the subject or predicate, logical writers used to say, there is a complexion which may fall upon the copula also; but this I have accounted for in the section concerning modal propositions ; and indeed it is not of much importance whether it were placed there or here. SECT. VI. Of compound Propositions. A COMPOUND proposition is made up of two or more subjects or predicates, or both ; and it contains in it two or more propositions, which are either plainly expressed, or concealed and implied. The first sort of compound propositions are those wherein the composition is expressed and evident, and they are distin- guished into these six kinds, namely, copulative, disjunctive, conditional, causal, relative, and discretive. I. Copulative propositions, are those which have moresub- jects or predicates connected by affirmative or negative conjunc- tions; as as riches and honour are temptations to pride: Casar conquered the Gauls and the Britons : neither gold nor jewels will purchase immortality." These propositions are evidently compounded, for each of them may be resolved into two propo- sitions, namely, riches are temptations to pride; and honour is a temptation to pride ; and so the rest. The truth of copulative propositions depends upon the truth of all the parts of them ; for if Casar had conquered the Gauls, and not the Britons, or the Britons, and not the Gauls, the second copulative proposition had not been true.
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