242 GEOGRAPHY AND ASTRONOMY. evening; for it is in the evening the new moon first appears, coming from her conjunction with the sun. . Note, This sort of rising and setting of the stars is also called poetical; because the ancient pints frequently mention it. SECT,. IX:-Of the Inhabitants of the Earth according to the Positions of the Sphere, the Zones, 35c. IN order to make the doctrine of the sphere or globeyet more plain and intelligible, let us consider the inhabitants of the several parts of the world, who maybedistinguished, three ways, (1.) According to the various positions of the globe. (2.) Accord- ing to the five zones. (3.) In relation toone another. First, Let us consider them according to the various posi- tions of the globe or sphere, which are either direct, parallel, or 'oblique. These three positions of the sphere are represented in figure viii, ix; x, in each of which the utmost circle is the meridian, H R is the horizon. E o the equator, VS the ecliptic, s x the axis of the world, N the north pole, s the south, z n the vertical circle of east and west, z the zenith, D the nadir, r'A the tropic of cancer, e VS the tropic of Capricorn. The various po- sition of these lines or circles will appear by the following de- scriptions : I. A direct or right sphere figure viii. is when thepoles of the world are in the horizon, and the equator passess through the zenith : this is the case of those who live directly under the line or equator. 'Here the inhabitants have no latitude, no elevation of the pole ; the north or south poles being in the horizon theymay very nearly see them both. All the stars do once in twenty-four hours rise and set with them, and all at right angles with the horizon. The sun also, in whatsoever parallel of declination he is, rises and sets at right angles with the horizon ; their days and nights therefore are always equal, because the horizon exactly cuts the sun's diurnal circles in halves. They have two summers every year, (viz.) when the sun is in or near the two equinoctial points, for then he is just over their heads at noon, and darts his strongest beams. And they have two winters, (viz.) when the sun is in or near the tropics of cancer andCapricorn ; for then the sun is farthest distant from them, though even then it is nearer than it is to us in England at midsummer. II. A parallel sphere, figure ix. is where the poles of the world are in the zenith and nadir : anyl the equator is in the horizon. Now if there were any inhabitants thus directly under the
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