252 GEOGRAPHY AND ASTRONOMY. side lines. Thus you may easily find on a map what is the longi- tude or latitude of any place given, or you may find the point where any town stands or should stand, when the true longitude and latitude of it are given. Note, In such maps of, particular conntries the longitude, is not always reckoned from the first meridian, as Ferro or 'feue- rid; but oftentimes it is reckoned from the chiefcity of that king- dom, which is described in the map, as I have intimated before. Observe farther, That though in globes and maps of the whole world the longitude is reckoned from the west toward the east, yet in smaller maps it is often reckoned both ways, as Bristol is 21 degrees of western longitude from London, Amsterdam has near 5 degrees of eastern longitude. Note also, That when a small country is represented in a large map, the lines of longitude and parallels of latitude are drawn not merely at every,l0 degrees, as in the globe, but some- times at every 5 degrees, and sometimes at every single degree. Let it be observed also in large maps, that describe any par- ticular country or province, as a single or double crooked waving line signifies a river when it is made strong and black ; so apule- lic road is described by a single or a double line drawn from town to town, not quite so curled nor so strong as a river is, but strait or winding as the road itself happens. And where the roads lie through 's broad plain or great common without houses or hedges, they are sometimes described by a double row of points. As villages andsmaller towns are describedby a little circle or small round o in maps of larger countries, where the cities are representedbythe figure of a house or two with a spire or steeple ; so in maps of smaller countries or provinces the little towns and . villages are described by the figure of a house or two, and great towns or cities are marked like several buildings put together in prospect, or else the naked plan of those very towns or cities is drawn there and distinguished according to their streets. I proceed now to consider sea -charts. As maps are drawn to describe particular countries by land, so a description of coasts or shores, and of the seas for the use of mariners is called a sea-chart, and it differs from a map chiefly in these particulars. I. A mop of the land is full of names andmarks describ- ing all the towns, countries, rivers, mountains, &c. bitt in a sea-chart there are seldom any parts of the land marked or described, besides the coast or shores and the sea ports, the towns or cities that border upon the sea, andthe mouthsof rivers. IL In a snap the sea is left as an empty space, except where the lines of longitude and latitude, &c. are placed : But in sea charts all the shoals or sands, and shallow waters, are marked
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