CHAPTER X. 505 the other senses: As for example, (1.) Metaphysical; so a think- ing substance is the whole definition of a spirit ; substance is the genus, and thinking thedifference. (2.) Physical or essential,' so a spirit is a whole, and perception, judgment, reason, and will, may be called its essential parts or powers, without exclud- ing immateriality and immortality, as its properties. (3.) In- tegral; so we say a whole army of angels, a whole heaven of blessed spirits. (4.) Universal or logical; so a spirit is a genus or generic whole, human souls and angels are the species, or special parts. As for man, who is a compound being made up of body and soul, I think he may be called as properly an inte- gral whole, and then we leave the.term essential whole to signify only a substance with all its essential properties. Query, When we say, one of Tully's orations is made up, of happy thoughts, just reasonings, warm persuasives, beautiful transitions, pure language, and well-soundingperiods, are these integral or essential parts, and how is the whole to be denomi- nated? But let us proceed. Parts are either homogeneous, i. e. of the same kind, as branches are parts of a tree ; or heterogeneous, i. e. of different kinds, as the several limbs and bowels are parts of an animal. And even homogeneous parts may be similar or dissimilar in several circumstances, as the branches of a tree may be fruitful or unfruitful, long orshort, vigorous or withering. Note 1'. That which is a whole in one sense, may be a part in another. This whole globo of earth is a part of the universe. 2. The whole is bigger than each part taken separately, and equal to all the parts taken conjunetly. 3. The part of a part is also a part of the whole. A finger is a part of thebody, because it is a part of the hand. CHAP. X. Of Principles, Causes and Effects. A PRINCIPLEmay be with sufficient propriety distin- guished from a cause, as a general nature from one special kind. Principles are any sort of springs whatsoever, either of essence or existence, of knowledge, or of operation. L Principles ofessence or existence are either (1.) Continent, as herbs, minerals, metals are principles of medicines ; for they contain in them the juices, oils, spirits and salts, and medicinal extracts, which are drawn from them by thechymists. Or, (2.) L'rinciples are constituent, as compound medicines are made of several simples, as their principles ; or as matter and forni are the constituent principles of particular bodies ; or as stone and timber of a house, or as any parts of a thing are constituents of the whole. Or, (3.) Principles are causal, such are all the tribes of causes to be mentioned hereafter. H. Principles of knowledgeare eitherinternalas perception,
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