CHAPTER XIII. 519 or poesy to painting; or verse to music ; which sort of likeness is sometimes called cognation or analogy. The word analogy at other times stands forpropbrtion ; our idea whereof chiefly arises from our comparison of two quanti- ties together, and considering the relation they bear to each other ; now this is properly a relation of agreement, and not of differ- ence ; and I think we may say, that proportion includes every sort of agreement in quantity, besides perfect and individual sameness, whether this quantity be magnitude, or number, or time. Hence arise the ideas and terms, equal and unequal, greater and less, more or fewer, &c. but it is not necessary for us here to enter into the mathematical distinctions of propòrtion, whether arithmetical or geometrical, whether direct or inverse, which belongonly to those sciences. The ideaof proportion may also be applied to any qualities whatsoever, which admit of gradual differences, and to which the ideas of more or less may attributed, as whiteness, cold, good, evil, &c. This proportion is either equality, excess or defect ; signified v. c. by the words, as white, whiter or less white. Herein the science of grammar uses its positive and com- parative names. 'Where the excess or defect is extreme, as in whitest or least white, it is called the superlative. Having spoken so much of agreement, we should say some- thing of disagreement or difference too. Observe that difference in this' place is not the same idea with that which is mentioned in Logic as the primary essential mode of any being, and which is joined to the genus to make a definition. See Logic, part I. chap 6. sect. 4. But difference here includes every distinction of one thing from another. The pointing of this difference is pro- perly called distinguishing. Difference or distinction is either real, i. e. substantial, as one substance differs from another ; or it is modal, as modes, properties or qualities differ from the substance, or from oneano- ther or it is mental, which is made only by the mind of man. And indeed difference or disagreement may admit of most or all the same divisions which belong to the idea of agreement, which we need not stand to repeat. Note, Things which really differ may exist separate, but modal or mental difference between things is not sufficient for the separateexistence of both. Note, 'rise difference between modes or properties is some- times called a real difference, because it is foùnded in the real nature of things, and so it stands in opposition to mental, which is merely the work of the Mind of man making distinctions, where things are really the same. Disagreement in substance or essence is properly called di- rersity; in quality, it is dissimilitude ; in quantity it stands in opposition to sameness, and then it is peculiarly called difference;
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