328 / 674
308
ESSAY
TOWARD TFìE
.
[sF.CT.
tV,;
with the Philistines." Ezek.
xviii. 20.
"
The
soul
that
sinneth, it
shall
die."
Ps.
lxxxix. 48.
"
\Vhat man
is
he.that
liveth,
and shall not
see
death
?
ShalI
he
deliver
his
soul from the
hand
of
the grave
?"
1
Kings
xix.
4.
"
Elijah
requested
for
himself,
that
he
might die,"
hebrew"
that
his
soul might die.
Answer.
The
word
"
soul" in
English,
"
nephesh"
in
hebrew,
"
psyche's in
greek,
and
"
anima"
in
latin,
&c.
signifies
not,
only,
the conscious and active
principle,in
man,,
which
thinks
and
reasons, loves and
hates, hopes
and
fears,
and
which
is
the
proper
agent
in
virtue or
vice,:
but
is
used, also,
to
signify
the principle 'of animal
life
and
motion
in
a
living
creature.
And though these two in
themselves
are
very
distinct
things,
yet
upon
this ac-
count
the word soul
is
attributed
to brutes, as
well as
to
men
:
for the Jews; as
well
as some heathens, in
their
mistaken philosophy, supposed the same soul
of
man,
which
gives
natural
life to
the
body, to be, also,
that
very
intellectual principle,
which
thinks and reasons, fears
and
loves
;
and, upon
this
account,
they
gave
both these
principles,
how
distinct
soever
in
themselves,
one com-
mon name,
and
called
them
the
soul.
Now
the
soul,
or the principle
of
animal
life
and mo-
tion, being
the chief or most
valuable thing
in
an animal,
it
came to
pass,
that
the whole animal
was
called
a
soul
:
therefore, even birds
and
fishes
are called
living
souls;
Gen.
i
20.
and any
animals whatsoever,
in
scripture,
are called
souls,
or
living
souls.
Aid
then, for the same
reason,
that
is,
because the
soul
of
man
is
his
chief part,
the
whole
person
of
man
is
called
his
soul; Gen.
ii.7.
Man
became
a
living soul,"
that
is,
a
living
person.
So
Exod.
i.
5.
"
All
the
souls,
that
came
out
of
the
loins
of
Jacob,
were seventy souls,"
that
is,
all
the persons
were seventy.
And
this
is
not,
only,
the Ianguage
of
the Jews,
but
even
of
other
nations.
In
our country
we
use
the
word souls
to
signify
persons
:
so we
say
a poor
soul,
when
we
see
a
person
in misery
:
We
use
the word
a
meagre
soul,
for
a
thin
man
:
We
say,
there
.were
twenty
souls
lost
in
the
ship,
that
is,
twenty
persons,
&c.
Now the
word
soul,
among
the Jews, being
so
univer-
sally used to signify
the
person
of
man, they used the
same word to
signify
the person
when
he was
dead,
as